2015년 15가지 교육정보

2015 was a great year for education research. fMRI technology gave us new insight into how exercise can improve math ability by changing the structure of children's brains (#13 below). We saw how Sesame Street's 40-year history has made an impact on preparing young children for school (#7). Several studies reinforced the importance of social and emotional learning for students (#2, 5, and 9). Two must-read publications were released to help educators understand how students learn (#4 and 11). Here are 15 studies published this year that every educator should know about.

 

1. Well-Designed Classrooms Boost Student Learning

조명, 구성, 장식 등 잘 구축된 교실의 물리적 구조가 학생의 학습을 촉진한다.

A classroom's physical learning space makes a difference in how well students learn. In this study of 27 schools in England, researchers found that improving a primary classroom’s physical design, including lighting, layout, and decorations, can improve academic performance by as much as 16 percent (although too many decorations can be a distraction).

Barrett, P. S., Zhang, Y., Davies, F., &Barrett, L. C. (2015). Clever Classrooms: Summary report of the HEAD project. University of Salford, Manchester.

2. The Benefits of Being Kind Last From Kindergarten to Adulthood

유치원 시절 길러진 친절한 태도(초기 아동기 사회성)는 성인기의 인성, 학력, 경력에도 긍정적 영향을 미친다.

Kindness matters. Kindergarten students who share, help others, and show empathy are more likely to have personal, educational, and career success as adults, finds this study that tracked 753 children from 1991 to 2010.

Jones, D. E., Greenberg, M., Crowley, M. (2015). Early social-emotional functioning and public health: The relationship between kindergarten social competence and future wellness. American Journal of Public Health, e-View Ahead of Print.

3. Theatre Programs Help Students With Autism

연극 프로그램으로 집단에 참여한 경험은 자폐성향 학생의 사회성 증진에 도움이 된다.

Did you know that participating in theatre programs can help students with autism learn to play in groups, communicate with others, and recognize faces? These are the findings of a study by researchers from Vanderbilt University.

Corbett, B. A., Key, A. P., Qualls, L., Fecteau, S., Newsom, C., Coke, C., &Yoder, P. (2015). Improvement in Social Competence Using a Randomized Trial of a Theatre Intervention for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1-15.

4. The Science of Learning

학습에 대한 과학적 지식, 연구결과들

If you’re looking for an excellent review of research on how students learn, check out The Science of Learning. Drawing from cognitive science, this report breaks down the research into six principles with a full reference list and teaching tips.

Deans for Impact (2015). The Science of Learning. Austin, TX: Deans for Impact.

5. Investing $1 in Social and Emotional Learning Yields $11 in Long-Term Benefits

사회성 감성 학습(SEL)에 1달러만 투자해도 장기적으로 11달러(11배)의 효과를 얻는다. : 사회성 감성 학습은 학생들의 학력 증진뿐 아니라 비행 감소, 성인기 소득, 정신건강 및 신체건강에 도움이 된다.

We know that SEL has tremendous benefits for student learning, but what are the long-term economic benefits? Researchers analyzed the economic impact of six widely-used SEL programs and found that on average, every dollar invested yields $11 in long-term benefits, ranging from reduced juvenile crime, higher lifetime earnings, and better mental and physical health.

Belfield, C., Bowden, B., Klapp, A., Levin, H., Shand, R., &Zander, S. (2015). The Economic Value of Social and Emotional Learning. New York, NY: Center for Benefit-Cost Studies in Education.

6. Low-Income Students Now a Majority

공립학교의 절반 이상의 학생들은 저소득 가정 자녀들이다. (미국)

- 한국의 경우, 지역에 따라 다르지만 기초수급권 및 차상위계층 가정이 약 20%인 것으로 고려하면 약 1/4의 학생이 극빈층 학생이라고 볼 수 있다.

51 percent of the students across the nation’s public schools now come from low-income families.

A New Majority Research Bulletin: Low Income Students Now a Majority in the Nation's Public Schools

7. Sesame Street Boosts Learning for Preschool Children

‘쌔써미스트리트’(우리 나라의 ‘뽀뽀뽀’와 비슷?)는 아동의 취학 준비를 자극한다.

Sesame Street was introduced over 40 years ago an educational program to help prepare children for school. Examining census data, researchers discovered that preschool-aged children in areas with better reception did better in school. Children living in poorer neighborhoods experienced the largest gains in school performance.

Kearney, M. S., &Levine, P. B. (2015). Early Childhood Education by MOOC: Lessons From Sesame Street (No. w21229). National Bureau of Economic Research.

8. Don’t Assign More Than 70 Minutes of Homework

중학교 학생들에게 매일 70분 정도의 수학, 과학 숙제는 바람직하나 그 이상은 오히려 학습 능력을 떨어뜨렸다.

For middle school students, assigning up to 70 minutes of daily math and science homework was beneficial, but assigning more than 90-100 minutes resulted in a decline in academic performance. Read more about the research on homework.

Fernández-Alonso, R., Suárez-Álvarez, J., &Muñiz, J. (2015). Adolescents’ Homework Performance in Mathematics and Science: Personal Factors and Teaching Practices. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(4), 1075–1085

9. Mindfulness Exercises Boost Math Scores

‘명상’프로그램은 초등학생들에게 보다 심리정서적으로 긍정적인 느낌을 갖게 하고 수학 성적을 향상시켰다.

Mindfulness exercises help students feel more positive, and a new study found that it can also boost math performance. Elementary school students that participated in a mindfulness program had 15 percent better math scores, in addition to several emotional and psychological benefits.

Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Oberle, E., Lawlor, M. S., Abbott, D., Thomson, K., Oberlander, T. F., &Diamond, A. (2015). Enhancing cognitive and social–emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based school program for elementary school children: A randomized controlled trial. Developmental Psychology, 51(1), 52.

10. Boys Get Higher Math Scores When Graded by Teachers Who Know Their Names

중고교 학생 중 여학생들보다 점수가 낮았던 남학생들을 교사가 알아봐주니 수학실력이 남녀혼성일 때보다 더 높았다. (교사의 성차별적 편견)

In this Israeli study, middle and high school students were randomly assigned to be graded anonymously or by teachers who knew their names. Despite performing worse than girls in math when graded anonymously, boys had better scores when teachers knew who they were.

Lavy, V., &Sand, E. (2015). On the Origins of Gender Human Capital Gaps: Short and Long Term Consequences of Teachers’ Stereotypical Biases (No. w20909). National Bureau of Economic Research.

11. Top Psychology Principles Every Teacher Should Know

학습에 영향을 미치는 사회적, 행동적 요인들에 관한 심리학 원리들

How do students think and learn? The American Psychological Association sought to answer this question with the help of experts across a wide variety of psychological fields. The result: 20 science-backed principles that explain how social and behavioral factors influence learning.

American Psychological Association, Coalition for Psychology in Schools and Education. (2015). Top 20 Principles from Psychology for PreK–12 Teaching and Learning.

12. To Help Students With ADHD Concentrate, Let Them Fidget

과잉행동주의력결핍 증후군(ADHD) 학생에 꼼짝말고 앉아있도록 하는 것은 학생의 집중력을 오히려 저해한다. 오히려 조용하게 꼼지락거리게 하는 것이 도움이 된다... 등. 17가지 팁

Since hyperactivity can be a natural state for students with ADHD, preventing them from fidgeting can hurt their ability to stay focused. For tips on how to let students fidget quietly, check out 17 Ways to Help Students With ADHD Concentrate.

Hartanto, T. A., Krafft, C. E., Iosif, A. M., &Schweitzer, J. B. (2015). A trial-by-trial analysis reveals more intense physical activity is associated with better cognitive control performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Neuropsychology, (ahead of print), 1-9.

13. The Neuroscience Behind Exercise and Math Ability

운동은 학습(수학)에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 그 이유에 대한 뇌과학적 연구 결과

Research shows that exercise has a positive effect on learning, but studies generally tend to be observational. With the use of fMRI technology, however, researchers have gained new insight into how people learn. A team of scientists examined the brain structures of children and found that when young children exercise, their brains produce a thinner layer of cortical gray matter, which can lead to stronger math skills.

Chaddock-Heyman, L., Erickson, K. I., Kienzler, C., King, M., Pontifex, M. B., Raine, L. B., Hillman, C. H., &Kramer, A. F. (2015). The Role of Aerobic Fitness in Cortical Thickness and Mathematics Achievement in Preadolescent Children. PLOS onE, 10(8), e0134115.

14. The Benefits of a Positive Message Home

가정의 긍정적 관여의 효과 - 교사가 매주 아동의 성장에 관해 짧은 메시지를 부모에게 보낸다면 가족 내 의사소통을 자극하고 학업중단율을 절반까지 낮출 수 있다.

Getting parents more involved in their child’s education is a great way to boost student learning. When teachers sent short weekly messages to parents with tips on how their kids could improve, it led to higher-quality home discussions and cut course dropout rates by almost half.

Kraft, M. A., &Rogers, T. (2015). The underutilized potential of teacher-to-parent communication: Evidence from a field experiment. Economics of Education Review, 47, 49-63.

15. When Teachers Collaborate, Math and Reading Scores Go Up

교사들의 협력(팀티칭, 융합교육과정)은 수학과 읽기 성적을 향상시켰다.

Teaching can feel like an isolating profession, but this new study shows that working in groups -- especially instructional teams -- can boost student learning.

Ronfeldt, M., Farmer, S. O., McQueen, K., &Grissom, J. A. (2015). Teacher Collaboration in Instructional Teams and Student Achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 52(3), 475-514.

 

 

 

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2016. 1. 파리